What is Monte Carlo Simulation | Lumivero (2024)

Table of Contents
Monte Carlo Analysis Probabilistically Assesses the Impact of Risk What is Monte Carlo Simulation? A Way to Account for Risk A Forecast Analysis Tool That Works in Many Fields A Range of Outcomes History of Monte Carlo Simulation How Monte Carlo Simulation Works 100% Microsoft Excel Integration Full Statistics Reports and Graphs Bayesian Revision Advanced Features Common Probability Distributions Normal Lognormal Uniform Triangular PERT Discrete FEATURES LIST (not always shown) Random Sampling Versus Best Guess How PrecisionTree Is Used How Teacher Education Programs are Leveraging Student Personalized Placement Software Using Monte Carlo Simulation in Excel to Understand Possible Outcomes in Manufacturing Monte Carlo Magic: Accurate Football Tournament Probabilities Predictive Neural Networks 10 Project Manager Issues Addressed by Using Monte Carlo Simulation @RISK New Version: Enhanced Communication and Modeling for Gantt Charts, Time Series, and ScheduleRiskAnalysis Optimizing Reliability Engineering in Manufacturing with Monte Carlo Simulation Optimizing Manufacturing Operations with Monte Carlo Simulation for Supply Chain Risk Management Manufacturing Supply Chain Management: Optimizing Production and Supplier Specifications Using Monte Carlo Simulation Optimizing Manufacturing Supply Chains with Monte Carlo Simulation The Analytics Pyramid: Why Analytics are Critical for Defensible, Objective Decision-Making? Getting Started with ScheduleRiskAnalysis in 10 Steps Why Sex? Monte Carlo Simulations of Survival After Catastrophes Monte Carlo method for determining earthquake recurrence parameters from short paleoseismic catalogs: Example calculations for California Monte Carlo Simulation for Schedule Risks The Joint Confidence Level Paradox at NASA: A History of Denial A Comparison of Failure Probability Estimates by Monte Carlo Sampling and Latin Hypercube Sampling Monte Carlo simulation and remote sensing applied to agricultural survey sampling strategy in Taita Hills, Kenya Examination of Pig Farm Technology by Computer Simulation Estimating the Cost of Preventive Services in Mental Health and Substance Abuse Under Managed Care Introduction to Engineering Reliability Drug Development: Valuing the Pipeline – a UK study Cost of Universal Influenza Vaccination of Children in Pediatric Practices A Case Study of Fall versus Spring Calving for the Rocky Mountain West Health and Economic Impact of Posttranfusion Hepatitis B Quantitative Chemical Exposure Assessment for Water Recycling Schemes The Effectiveness of Using Project Management Tools and Techniques for Delivering Projects Monte Carlo Simulation-Based Supply Chain Disruption Management for War Games Identifying Key Risks to the Development of a Pellet Manufacturing Plant Analysis of a 50,000 ton per year pellet manufacturing facility Fast and Robust Monte Carlo CDO Sensitivities and their Efficient Object Oriented Implementation Hedge Against Volatile Oil Prices Using Monte Carlo Simulation Cost Estimating: Triangular vs PERT Announcing ScheduleRiskAnalysis for Project Schedules in the DecisionTools Suite! Hedge Against Volatile Exchange Rates with Monte Carlo Simulation Basic Cost Engineering with @RISK Project PMO Netconomy PCM Consulting Bolster Your FIFA World Cup Bracket with @RISK Monte Carlo vs Latin Hypercube Sampling Identifying Profitable Housing Development Opportunities with Risk Analysis Monte Carlo Simulation as a Force for Good Improving Legal Case Outcomes with @RISK and PrecisionTree, Part IV Improving Legal Case Outcomes with @RISK and PrecisionTree, Part I Rotman School of Management Students Learn to Make Key Financial Decisions Using Monte Carlo Simulation UK Ministry of Defence Completes Projects Within Time and Cost Budgets Set With Risk Analysis Forecasts Unilever Uses DecisionTools Suite Software to Inform Decisions on Innovation Students at Cornell University's Dyson School use @RISK to evaluate capital budgeting, investments, random walks, derivatives pricing and real options Deloitte Uses @RISK to Advise Clients on Risk-Heavy Insurance Partnerships Using @RISK and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) for Valuing a Portfolio of Natural Gas Futures Monte Carlo Simulation Provides Insights to Manage Risks Struggling with Your NCAA Bracket? Try Monte Carlo Simulation, with Help from the Pros Contingency Calculation in Cost Risk Analysis The Efficient Frontier and Monte Carlo Software – Part II: Resampling The Efficient Frontier and Monte Carlo Software – Part I: Background The Efficient Frontier and Monte Carlo Software – Part III: Huang Litzenberger Calculation of Pi using Simulation and Other Approximations Predicting the World Cup Winner with Monte Carlo Simulation Ensuring Food Safety with Monte Carlo Simulation Monte Carlo and Manufacturing: Learn more about simulation software and Monte Carlo simulation in the manufacturing industry. Super Bowl Prop Bets and Monte Carlo Simulation Simulation City: Simulation software can improve decision making - and the manufacturing process Monte Carlo Simulation Means Quantifying Logistics Risks Doesn't Have to Be a Gamble When Calculating Risk for Reinsurers, Consider Monte Carlo Monte Carlo…Or Bust? Getting the Full Picture Combining Monte Carlo Simulation with Decision Tree Analysis - Part I Analysis Placebos: The Difference Between Perceived and Real Benefits of Risk Analysis and Decision Models Getting the Full Picture – Combining Monte Carlo Simulation with Decision Tree Analysis Part II Monte Carlo Simulation Provides Advantages in Six Sigma Tornado Graphs: Basic Interpretation Enterprise LicensingBetter Research, Insights, and Outcomes for All Lumivero’s team-based solutions allow you to: Monte Carlo Simulationwith Lumivero

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Mitigate Risks

Calculate Many Different Outcomes and Their Probabilities of Occurrence with Monte Carlo Simulation Software.

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Monte Carlo Analysis Probabilistically Assesses the Impact of Risk

As we are constantly faced with uncertainty and variability, risk and forecast analysis is part of every decision you make. And even though we have unprecedented access to information, we can’t accurately forecast the future. But with Monte Carlo simulation, we have the next best thing to a superpower.

Monte Carlo simulation (also known as the Monte Carlo method) lets you see all possible outcomes of your decisions, including the actual probabilities each will occur, by running simulations with random variables thousands of times. These variables are described by their probability distribution which can be estimated with historical data or defined using expert opinion. Then, with risk analysis software like @RISK, you can run sensitivity analysis to identify which variables have the largest impact on the outcome. This method lets you quantitatively assess the impact of risk, allowing for more accurate forecasting and, ultimately, better decision-making under uncertainty.

What is Monte Carlo Simulation?

The Monte Carlo method is a computerized mathematical technique that allows people to quantitatively account for risk in forecasting and decision-making. At its core, the Monte Carlo method is a way to use repeating random samples of parameters to explore the behavior of a complex system. A Monte Carlo simulation is used to handle an extensive range of problems in a variety of different fields to understand the impact of risk and uncertainty.

A Way to Account for Risk

Monte Carlo simulations have assessed the impact of risk in cost estimation, project management, portfolio optimization, and many other real-life scenarios. The Monte Carlo method provides many advantages over predictive models with fixed inputs, such as the ability to conduct sensitivity analysis or define correlation between inputs.

A Forecast Analysis Tool That Works in Many Fields

The technique is used for forecasting which takes into account risk and is used for demand forecasting, load planning, pricing, sales forecasting, portfolio allocation, strategic planning, Six Sigma and quality control, profit projects, and more. Using this method, one can easily take risks into account and assess the probability of completing a project on time and staying within budget.

Use cases run the gamut and include cash flow analysis, capital investments, reserves estimation, pricing, cost estimation, project management, product pipeline analysis, portfolio optimization, supply chain risk, and more.

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The Monte Carlo Simulation is used in many different fields, including:

Environmental Conservation

Agriculture & Food Safety

Consulting & Legal

Entertainment, Sports & Media

Mining & Minerals

Technology & Telecom

A Range of Outcomes

Monte Carlo simulation furnishes the decision-maker with a range of possible outcomes and the probabilities they will occur for any choice of action. It shows:

The outcomes of going for broke and for the most conservative decision

Along with all possible consequences for middle-of-the-road decisions

History of Monte Carlo Simulation

The technique was first used by scientists working on the atom bomb; it was named for Monte Carlo, the Monaco resort town renowned for its casinos. Since its introduction in World War II, Monte Carlo simulation has been used to model a variety of physical and conceptual systems.

How Monte Carlo Simulation Works

Monte Carlo simulation performs risk analysis by building models of possible results by substituting a range of values—called a probability distribution—for any factor that has inherent uncertainty. It then calculates results over and over, each time using a different set of random values from the input probability distributions. Depending upon the number of uncertainties and the ranges specified for them, a Monte Carlo simulation could involve thousands or tens of thousands of recalculations before it is complete. The result of a Monte Carlo simulation is a range – or distribution – of possible outcome values. This data on possible results enables you to calculate the probabilities of different outcomes in your forecasts, as well as perform a wide range of additional analyses. Monte Carlo simulation software builds a spreadsheet model that lets you evaluate your plan numerically, allowing you to change the numbers, ask ‘what if’ and see the results.

By using probability distributions for uncertain inputs, you can represent the different possible values for these variables, along with their likelihood of occurrence. Probability distributions are a much more realistic way of describing uncertainty in variables of a risk analysis, making Monte Carlo simulation far superior to common “best guess” or “best/worst/most likely” analyses.

To use Monte Carlo simulation, you need to build a qualitative model of your business activity, plan, or process. The best way to do this is by creating a spreadsheet model using Microsoft Excel and using Lumivero's @RISK analysis software. Analyze your simulation results by using the mean, percentiles, standard deviation, in addition to charts and graphs. Lumivero's Monte Carlo simulation software will help you interpret your data and is backed by 24/7 technical support and assistance.

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What is Monte Carlo Simulation | Lumivero (6)

100% Microsoft Excel Integration

With PrecisionTree, you never leave your spreadsheet, allowing you to work in a familiar environment, and get up to speed quickly.

Full Statistics Reports and Graphs

See results in risk profile graphs, 2-way sensitivity, tornado graphs, spider graphs, policy suggestion reports, and strategy-region graphs.

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What is Monte Carlo Simulation | Lumivero (8)

Bayesian Revision

“Flip” one or more chance nodes to show probabilities calculated using Bayes’ Rule. This is valuable when the probabilities of a model are not available in a directly useful form. For example: You need to know the probability of an outcome occurring given the results of a particular test. The test’s accuracy may be known, but the only way to determine the probability you seek is to “reverse” a traditional decision tree in Microsoft Excel using Bayes Rule.

Advanced Features

Set up your decision tree in Microsoft Excel exactly as you need it with logic nodes, reference nodes, linked trees, custom utility functions, and influence diagrams.

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Common Probability Distributions

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Normal

Or “bell curve.” The user simply defines the mean or expected value and a standard deviation to describe the variation about the mean. Values in the middle near the mean are most likely to occur. It is symmetric and describes many natural phenomena such as people’s heights. Examples of variables described by normal distributions include inflation rates and energy prices.

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Lognormal

Values are positively skewed, not symmetric like a normal distribution. It is used to represent values that don’t go below zero but have unlimited positive potential. Examples of variables described by lognormal distributions include real estate property values, stock prices, and oil reserves.

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Uniform

All values have an equal chance of occurring, and the user simply defines the minimum and maximum because they have no knowledge of which values are more likely than others. Examples of variables that could be uniformly distributed include manufacturing costs or future sales revenues for a new product.

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Triangular

The user defines the minimum, most likely, and maximum values. Values around the most likely value have a higher chance of occurring. Variables that could be described by a triangular distribution include past sales history per unit of time and inventory levels.

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PERT

The user defines the minimum, most likely, and maximum values, just like the triangular distribution. Values around the most likely value have a higher chance of occurring. However, values between the most likely and extremes are more likely to occur than the triangular; that is, the extremes are not as emphasized. An example of the use of a PERT distribution is to describe the duration of a task in a project management model.

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Discrete

The user defines specific values that may occur and the likelihood of each. An example might be the results of a lawsuit: 20% chance of positive verdict, 30% chance of negative verdict, 40% chance of settlement, and 10% chance of mistrial.

FEATURES LIST (not always shown)

FeatureBenefitProfessional EditionIndustrial Edition
Optimization under uncertaintyCombines Monte Carlo simulation with sophisticated optimization techniques to find optimal solutions to uncertain problems. Used for budgeting, allocation, scheduling, and more.What is Monte Carlo Simulation | Lumivero (16)What is Monte Carlo Simulation | Lumivero (17)
Efficient Frontier AnalysisEspecially useful in financial analysis, Efficient Frontiers determine the optimal return that can be expected from a portfolio at a given level of riskWhat is Monte Carlo Simulation | Lumivero (18)What is Monte Carlo Simulation | Lumivero (19)
Ranges for adjustable cells and constraintsStreamlined model setup and editingWhat is Monte Carlo Simulation | Lumivero (20)What is Monte Carlo Simulation | Lumivero (21)
Genetic algorithmsFind the best global solution while avoiding getting caught in local, “hill-climbing” solutionsWhat is Monte Carlo Simulation | Lumivero (22)What is Monte Carlo Simulation | Lumivero (23)
Six solving methods, including GAs and OptQuestAlways have the best method for different types of problemsWhat is Monte Carlo Simulation | Lumivero (24)What is Monte Carlo Simulation | Lumivero (25)
RISKOptimizer Watcher and Convergence MonitoringMonitor progress toward best solutions in real timeWhat is Monte Carlo Simulation | Lumivero (26)What is Monte Carlo Simulation | Lumivero (27)
Overlay of Optimized vs Original DistributionCompare original output to optimized result to visually see improvementsWhat is Monte Carlo Simulation | Lumivero (28)What is Monte Carlo Simulation | Lumivero (29)
Original, Best, Last model updatingInstantly see the effects of three solutions on your entire modelWhat is Monte Carlo Simulation | Lumivero (30)What is Monte Carlo Simulation | Lumivero (31)

Random Sampling Versus Best Guess

During a Monte Carlo simulation, values are sampled at random from the input probability distributions. Each set of samples is called an iteration, and the resulting outcome from that sample is recorded. Monte Carlo simulation does this process hundreds or thousands of times, and the result is a probability distribution of possible outcomes. In this way, Monte Carlo simulation provides a much more comprehensive view of what may happen. It tells you not only what could happen, but how likely it is to happen.

Monte Carlo simulation provides several advantages over deterministic, or “single-point estimate” analysis:

Probabilistic Results. Results show not only what could happen, but how likely each outcome is.

Graphical Results. Because of the data a Monte Carlo simulation generates, it’s easy to create graphs of different outcomes and their chances of occurrence. This is important for communicating findings to other stakeholders.

Sensitivity Analysis. Deterministic analysis makes it difficult to see which variables impact the outcome the most. In Monte Carlo simulation, it’s easy to see which inputs had the biggest effect on bottom-line results. This allows you to identify and mitigate factors which cause the most risk.

Scenario Analysis: Scenario analysis determines which input variables contribute significantly toward reaching a particular goal (called the target scenario or output scenario) associated with an output. For example, it can show which variables contribute to exceptionally high sales values or which variables contribute to negative NPV values.

Correlation of Inputs. In Monte Carlo simulation, it’s possible to model interdependent relationships between input variables. It’s important for accuracy to represent how, in reality, when some factors go up or down, others go up or down accordingly.

An enhancement to Monte Carlo simulation is the use of Latin Hypercube sampling which samples more accurately from the full range of values within distribution functions and produces results more quickly.

What is Monte Carlo Simulation | Lumivero (32)

How PrecisionTree Is Used

PrecisionTree has a multitude of applications, including:

Oil, Gas, & Mineral Reserves:Map out sequential, probabilistic exploration plans of prospective sites containing oil, natural gas, or other minerals. Estimate uncertain reserves to make wise drilling decisions.

Litigation & Bidding Strategy:Plan step-by-step strategies in complex legal or business negotiations, or when bidding on contracts. Map what could happen at each stage and your response to, along with probabilistic chance events.

Real Options Valution:Quantify the value of real options, or the right to undertake an investment or not, in the face of uncertainty future outcomes.

Supply Chain Management: Develop multi-stage plans for complex supply chains, incorporating probabilities of failures and other chance events.

Medical Treatment Planning: Establish sequential, multi-stage treatment plans for complex medical conditions given uncertain outcomes at each stage.

Resources about Monte Carlo Simulation

Predictive Neural Networks

Sophisticated, predictive neural networks imitate brain functions to identify patterns in historical or new, incomplete data sets – letting you intelligently predict the future and...

Basic Cost Engineering with @RISK

This article offers a simple and concise explanation of the Monte Carlo simulation, a technique that combines statistical concepts (random sampling) with the ability of...

Project PMO

Jim Aksel, Principal atProjectPMOin Anaheim, California, has consulted for several major aerospace companies in project and schedule management. In this case study, he discusses how...

Netconomy

Netconomy Software and Consulting specializes in omni-channel and e-commerce software integrations, creating digital marketplaces for a diverse range of companies in the retail, wholesale, consumer,...

PCM Consulting

PCM Consulting, a project, contract, and engineering management consulting company based out of South Africa, used @RISK to determine the financial viability of biogas plants...

Monte Carlo…Or Bust?

The reinsurance industry has endured numerous larger than expected losses in the last decade or so -- everything from Hurricane Katrina to the global financial...

Enterprise Licensing
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Whether your organization’s focus is qualitative, quantitative, or mixed methods data analysis, we can help your whole team work better together — collaborating to aggregate, organize, analyze, and present your findings. Lumivero’s enterprise licensing options offer volume pricing for teams and organizations needing nine (9) or more licenses.

Enterprise licenses allow the flexibility to install Lumivero software and solutions on multiple computers (up to the maximum number of licenses that your site has purchased) with a centralized management solution.

Lumivero’s team-based solutions allow you to:

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Monte Carlo Simulation
with Lumivero

Lumivero’s @RISK software puts this powerful technique within reach for any Excel user faced with uncertainty in their analyses. @RISK makes it easy to graphically define risk models, run simulations, and analyze the results, all with the click of a mouse. @RISK is 100% integrated with Excel, adding hundreds of new functions to Excel so that users can quickly understand their risks without learning a new application. First introduced in 1987 for Lotus 1-2-3, @RISK has a long-established reputation for computational accuracy, modeling flexibility, and ease of use, making it the dominant Monte Carlo simulation software in the market today.

More About @RISK

What is Monte Carlo Simulation | Lumivero (2024)
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