Now that former PresidentDonald Trumpwas found guilty on all counts in his New York criminalhush money trial, becoming the first former U.S. president convicted of a crime, the question arises: can a convicted felon run for office?
Simply put, the answer is yes.
There is no explicit prohibition in the U.S. Constitution on individuals with criminal records running for president, and the Constitution does not prohibit anyone based on indictments or convictions, according to Kevin Wagner,a noted constitutional scholar and political science professor at Florida Atlantic University in Boca Raton.
More:Trump guilty on all charges. Read reaction from across Florida.
According to Wagner: "Since the U.S. has a federal system, the rules establishing the qualifications for office can vary by which office you are trying for, and by the state, county, or municipality in which you live. For example, Florida, which had barred felons, now allows individuals who have completed their sentences to run for office or serve on juries once they have their civil rights restored. In other states, the rules may be less strict, or may depend on the severity of the crime and the length of time since the conviction.
"While states can establish qualifications for their offices, the requirements for election to federal office are set in the U.S. Constitution. For example, Article II describes the requirements to serve as President, such as being a natural-born citizen, at least 35 years of age, and having been a resident of the country for at least 14 years. There is no explicit prohibition on individuals with criminal records running for president, and the Constitution does not prohibit anyone based on indictments or convictions.
More:Former President Donald Trump found guilty on all counts in hush money case: Live updates
A candidate for U.S. president ran while serving time in prison
Wagner said: "In 1920, Eugene Debs ran for President as a Socialist while serving time in prison for speaking out against the draft during World War I. Debs was convicted of violating the Sedition Act of 1918. After charging Debs, the federal prosecutor said, “No man even though four times the candidate of his party for the highest office in the land, can violate the basic law of this land.” Debs won nearly one million votes while he was in prison but did not win a single Electoral College vote.
"The Constitution does not bar felons from Congress either, and the U.S. Supreme Court, in U.S. Term Limits v. Thornton (1995), ruled that states cannot add additional qualifications for congressional candidates. However, the House of Representatives has a rule that members convicted of a felony be removed from committee activities unless and until they are re-elected. Both the Senate and the House can censure and even expel members.
"The Constitution does have one additional restriction. Under Section 3 of the 14th Amendment, anyone who has engaged in insurrection or rebellion against the United States is prohibited from holding federal office. Interestingly, there is no requirement that a person be convicted for this to apply, and it was used to remove individuals linked to the Confederacy during the Civil War.
Trump indicted:Has any other former U.S. president been indicted? No, but these guys came close.
"Congress has refused to seat some members using this provision. In 1919, Congress cited the 14th Amendment to block Victor Berger, who was accused of supporting Germany during World War I. Berger was eventually allowed to serve after his espionage conviction was reversed by the U.S. Supreme Court.
"Recently, we have seen efforts to bar candidates from running for Congress based on their involvement with the violence at the Capitol on Jan. 6, 2021. As of yet, no candidates have been disqualified for federal office based on this, and there is significant disagreement over the meaning and application of this prohibition in the modern context. Ultimately, the most significant limitation on access to elected office is still the voters, who can weigh the importance of a conviction or other actions and decide for themselves who will be their representative.
What happens to Trump now?
Judge Juan Merchanscheduled Trump's sentencing for July 11.
Experts say states are unlikely to succeed inpassing additional eligibilityrequirements for a candidate to get on the presidential ballot.
The U.S. Supreme Court already rejected an effort from several states to bar Trump from theballot based on the 14th Amendment, which prevents anyone who hasengaged in insurrectionafter swearing to uphold the Constitution (by being sworn into office, for example), from holding office again.
Trump can probably vote for himself in Florida
The high court did not want a “state-by-state patchwork” of rules for Trump's eligibility.
The variety of state laws on voting rights for convicted felons could impact Trump's ability tocast a vote for himself, but not in this case. Florida, where Trump is registered to vote, gives felons the right to vote if the state where they were convicted allows it. New York only removes a felon’s right to vote while they are imprisoned, and as Trump may not receive jail time at all, let alone before the election, he will likely remain eligible.
USA Today's Kinsey Crowley, Natasha Lovato, Ella Lee, Karissa Waddick,Aysha Bagchi,Maureen Groppe, Bart Jansen contributed to this report.
